{"id":38697,"date":"2020-12-03T18:48:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-03T17:48:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/divine-commedy-unesco-mosaics-ravenna\/"},"modified":"2022-09-06T16:04:02","modified_gmt":"2022-09-06T15:04:02","slug":"divine-commedy-unesco-mosaics-ravenna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/en\/divine-commedy-unesco-mosaics-ravenna\/","title":{"rendered":"The Divine Commedy in the Unesco Mosaics of Ravenna"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>We&#8217;re not 100% sure, but thinking the contrary wouldn\u2019t make sense:\u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #0e797b;\">Dante Alighieri, during his &#8220;last stay&#8221; in Ravenna, <span class=\"s1\"><b>must have visited<\/b><\/span> the splendid basilicas of the city<\/span><\/strong>, &#8211; today a Unesco World Heritage Site &#8211; and admired their inestimable artistic jewels.<\/p>\n<p>He had already been in Ravenna before, presumably in 1303 and in 1310. He had crossed the pine forest of Classe, as he reminds\u00a0<i>in Purgatory\u2019s canto XXVIII, <\/i>where he wrote<i> \u201calong the shore\u00a0of Classe<\/i>\u201d, describing this place as\u00a0<i>\u201cthat forest-dense, alive with green, divine\u201d,\u00a0<\/i>and<i>\u00a0<\/i>he must have had the chance to get to know how life was in this small town on the Adriatic.<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, it mustn\u2019t have been hard for Guido da Polenta, owner of the city, to seduce the Supreme Poet in 1318 and induce him to choose <span style=\"color: #0e797b;\">the ancient Byzantine capital as his last haven of peace and tranquility<\/span>, after his long wanderings far away from his motherland Florence.<\/p>\n<p>This place would have given him the opportunity to reunite his family and\u00a0finish the drafting of his \u201cbeloved\u201d\u00a0<i>Divine Comedy<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Ravenna at that time must have looked completely different from today. The splendours of the Roman and Byzantine Empire were a distant memory and the land was not hospitable at all \u2013 poor, unhealthy, and surrounded by marshes and canals.<\/p>\n<p>Despite this desolated scenario, the mosaics of the ancient Byzantine churches were a shining source of light and wonder, noble, precious, and grounding witnesses of the artistic and iconological heritage of the former capital.<\/p>\n<p>Their tiles and polychrome combinations are such an explosion of evocative and symbolic images that it is impossible not to be bewitched by them. And if we think to the men of those times, so poor in speech and beauty, we can understand how striking they could have been.<\/p>\n<p>All the more so for such an illustrious person \u2015 and apparently also an art expert \u2015 as Dante, who was looking for inspiration and to find the right words to write about the Paradise and build an image of it in his mind, the mosaics meant so much to his creative work.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0e797b;\">The basilicas and baptisteries of the ancient Byzantine capital have excellent iconographic and chromatic repertoires from which to draw<\/span>: they surely provided him that immaterial sense of mysticism that helped him to design the perfect Paradise.<\/p>\n<p>On the one hand the\u00a0<i>Comedy<\/i>, on the other the Byzantine mosaics: such a fascinating combination pushed, during the 20th century, critics to analyse the last two parts of Dante&#8217;s work and search for triplets and images related in some way to the mosaic decorations of Ravenna.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #0e797b;\"><strong>The courts of the basilica of Sant&#8217;Apollinare Nuovo<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_47240\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47240\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47240\" src=\"https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_apollinare_nuovo_Ravenna_corteo_vergini.jpg\" alt=\"Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna) - Corteo delle Vergini\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_apollinare_nuovo_Ravenna_corteo_vergini.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_apollinare_nuovo_Ravenna_corteo_vergini-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_apollinare_nuovo_Ravenna_corteo_vergini-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_apollinare_nuovo_Ravenna_corteo_vergini-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-47240\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basilica of Sant&#8217;Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna) &#8211; Procession of the Virgins | Photo \u00a9 RavennaTourism<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>Then I saw people following those candles,<\/em><br \/>\n<em>as if behind their guides, and they wore white-whiteness<\/em><br \/>\n<em>that, in this world, has never been<\/em><br \/>\n<em>(Purgatory XXIX, vv. 64 &#8211; 66)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Beneath the handsome sky I have described,<\/em><br \/>\n<em>twenty-four elders moved on, two by two,<\/em><br \/>\n<em>and they had wreaths of lilies on their heads.<\/em><br \/>\n<em>And all were singing: &#8220;You,\u00a0among the daughters<\/em><br \/>\n<em>of Adam, benedicta are; and\u00a0may<\/em><br \/>\n<em>your beauties blessed be eternally&#8221;<\/em><br \/>\n(Purgatory XXIX, vv. 82 &#8211; 87)<\/p>\n<p>Lights, colours, golden backgrounds, and hieratic figures slowly advance in a long procession that takes Dante to the top of Purgatory. The journey culminates in Paradise, crowned by the appearance of his beloved Beatrice.<\/p>\n<p>Just one glance and all those theories of virgins and martyrs that unfold in the mosaics of the majestic main nave of the\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0e797b;\"><a style=\"color: #0e797b;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turismo.ra.it\/en\/culture-and-history\/religious-buildings\/basilica-santapollinare-nuovo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Basilica of Sant&#8217;Apollinare Nuovo<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>come to mind.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #0e797b;\"><strong>The cross of the basilica of Sant\u2019Apollinare in Classe<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_47242\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47242\" style=\"width: 2560px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47242\" src=\"https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ravenna-basilica-apollinare-in-classe-croce-ph-archivio-comune-ravenna.jpg\" alt=\"Basilica di Sant'Apollinare in Classe (Ravenna)\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1945\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ravenna-basilica-apollinare-in-classe-croce-ph-archivio-comune-ravenna.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ravenna-basilica-apollinare-in-classe-croce-ph-archivio-comune-ravenna-300x228.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ravenna-basilica-apollinare-in-classe-croce-ph-archivio-comune-ravenna-1024x778.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/ravenna-basilica-apollinare-in-classe-croce-ph-archivio-comune-ravenna-768x584.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-47242\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basilica of Sant&#8217;Apollinare in Classe (Ravenna) | Photo \u00a9 RavennaTourism<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>As, graced with lesser and with larger lights<\/em><br \/>\n<em>between the poles of the world, the Galaxy<\/em><br \/>\n<em>gleams so that even sages are perplexed;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>so, constellated in the depth<\/em><br \/>\n<em>of\u00a0Mars, those rays described the venerable sign<\/em><br \/>\n<em>a circle&#8217;s quadrants form where they are joined.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>And here my memory defeats my wit:<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Christ&#8217;s flaming from that cross [&#8230;]<\/em><br \/>\n(Paradise XIV, vv. 97 &#8211; 104)<\/p>\n<p>If there is a part of the\u00a0<em>Comedy<\/em> that recalls more than others the mosaics of Ravenna, it\u2019s undoubtedly canto XIV of the Paradise.<\/p>\n<p>While reading the triplets of the Supreme Poet, we find ourselves absorbed into the fifth sky, the one of Mars, enveloped in a reddish light.<\/p>\n<p>Here, all the spirits who fought in the name of Faith converge, forming a Greek cross, sparkling with greater or lesser intensity, depending on their degree of bliss. And the face of Christ stands at the center.<\/p>\n<p>And in this image, again, our eyes can&#8217;t be mistaken: we find, once again, a recall to the mosaic of the Basilica of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.turismo.ra.it\/en\/culture-and-history\/religious-buildings\/basilica-santapollinare-classe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sant&#8217;Apollinare in Classe<\/a>&#8216;s apsis.<\/p>\n<p>The old monument&#8217;s apsis, as a matter of fact, features a large jeweled disk decorated with a sky pierced with golden and silver stars and a jeweled cross of gems depicting Christ&#8217;s face.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #0e797b;\"><strong>San Lorenzo and the mausoleum of Galla Placidia<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_47244\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47244\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47244\" src=\"https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/mausoleo_galla_placidia_lorenzo.jpg\" alt=\"Mausoleo di Galla Placidia (Ravenna) - San Lorenzo Martire\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/mausoleo_galla_placidia_lorenzo.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/mausoleo_galla_placidia_lorenzo-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/mausoleo_galla_placidia_lorenzo-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/mausoleo_galla_placidia_lorenzo-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-47244\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mausoleum of Galla Placidia (Ravenna) &#8211; San Lorenzo Martire | Photo \u00a9 RavennaTourism<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em><i>Had their will been as whole<\/i><br \/>\n<i>as that which held Lawrence fast to the grate<\/i><\/em><br \/>\n(Paradise\u00a0IV, vv. 82 &#8211; 83)<\/p>\n<p>We are in Paradise, in the sky of the Moon, Beatrice speaks to Dante, pointing out the hero of Roman history Muzio Scevola as an example of the strength of mind and Saint Lawrence as an example of Christianity.<\/p>\n<p>These descriptions immediately lead us to the image of the martyr represented in the lunette of the\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0e797b;\"><a style=\"color: #0e797b;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turismo.ra.it\/en\/culture-and-history\/unesco-world-heritage\/mausoleum-of-galla-placidia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mausoleum of Galla Placidia<\/a><\/span>, still visible today as soon as you enter the monument.<\/p>\n<p>We can then imagine that the Supreme Poet, who was in Ravenna when he wrote these lines, had been so fascinated by the sight of this mosaic, that he used it as a model of strength of mind.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The emperor Justinian in the basilica of San Vitale<\/strong><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_58951\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-58951\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-58951\" src=\"https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_san_vitale_giustiniano-1.jpg\" alt=\"Basilica di San Vitale (Ritratto di Giustiniano)\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_san_vitale_giustiniano-1.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_san_vitale_giustiniano-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_san_vitale_giustiniano-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_san_vitale_giustiniano-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-58951\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna) &#8211; Emperor Justian | Photo \u00a9 RavennaTourism<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>Caesar I was and am Justinian,<\/em><br \/>\n<em>who, through the will of Primal Love I feel,<\/em><br \/>\n<em>removed\u00a0the vain and needless from the laws<\/em><br \/>\n(Paradise\u00a0VI, vv. 10 &#8211; 12)<\/p>\n<p>Faithful to that symmetry that distinguishes the other Cantiche of the\u00a0<em>Divine Comedy<\/em>, even the VI canto of the\u00a0<em>Paradise<\/em>\u00a0deals with purely political questions. In this canto, the Supreme Poet runs into the Byzantine Emperor Justinian.<\/p>\n<p>And this is an encounter that Dante had already had \u2015 even though somewhere else. Indeed, how could we ever doubt that, during his stay in Ravenna, he had raised his eyes, and, more than once or twice, lost himself in the mosaic portrait of the emperor decorating the\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0e797b;\"><a style=\"color: #0e797b;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turismo.ra.it\/en\/culture-and-history\/religious-buildings\/basilica-san-vitale\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Basilica of San Vitale<\/a><\/span>?<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The virgin Mother in the basilica of Sant\u2019Apollinare Nuovo<\/strong><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_47248\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47248\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47248\" src=\"https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_apollinare_nuovo_Ravenna_beata_vergine.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_apollinare_nuovo_Ravenna_beata_vergine.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_apollinare_nuovo_Ravenna_beata_vergine-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_apollinare_nuovo_Ravenna_beata_vergine-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.travelemiliaromagna.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/basilica_apollinare_nuovo_Ravenna_beata_vergine-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-47248\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basilica of Sant&#8217;Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna) &#8211; Blessed Virgin | Photo \u00a9 RavennaTourism<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><i>Virgin mother, daughter of your Son,<\/i><br \/>\n<i>more humble and sublime than any creature,<\/i><br \/>\n<i>fixed goal decreed from all eternity [&#8230;]<\/i><br \/>\n(Paradise\u00a0XXXIII, vv. 1 &#8211; 21)<\/p>\n<p>The Great Virgin Mother, sitting on the throne at the end of the procession of the Virgins in the <span style=\"color: #0e797b;\"><a style=\"color: #0e797b;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turismo.ra.it\/en\/culture-and-history\/religious-buildings\/basilica-santapollinare-nuovo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Basilica of Sant&#8217;Apollinare Nuovo<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Dante was probably inspired by this image in composing the prayer that Saint Bernard addresses to the Madonna at the beginning of the last Canto of <em>Paradise<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>A strong vision, in which the divine motherhood of Mary is exalted and which perhaps also draws on a Latin mosaic epigram that was found under the splendid image of the\u00a0<em>Madonna in Trono con Bambino<\/em>\u00a0in the apse of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, now gone lost.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0e797b;\">Scholars<\/span> (from Corrado Ricci to Laura Pasquini, historian and critic of Medieval Age), <span style=\"color: #0e797b;\">have connected the mosaics of Ravenna to many other fragments of the last two Canticles of the\u00a0<i>Comedy<\/i><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>A universe of symbols and colours that confirm how deeply the monuments of the former Byzantine capital influenced the Supreme Poet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We&#8217;re not 100% sure, but thinking the contrary wouldn\u2019t make sense:\u00a0Dante Alighieri, during his &#8220;last stay&#8221; in Ravenna, must have visited the splendid basilicas of the city, &#8211; today a Unesco World Heritage Site &#8211; and admired their inestimable artistic jewels. He had already been in Ravenna before, presumably in 1303 and in 1310. He [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":47251,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[803],"tags":[616,466,599],"durata":[],"target":[],"class_list":["post-38697","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cities-of-art","tag-dante-alighieri-en","tag-itineraries","tag-ravenna-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Divine Commedy in the Unesco Mosaics of Ravenna | Travel Emilia Romagna<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discovering the Ravenna and its Unesco mosaics that inspired the italian Poet Dante Alighieri in the writing of his Divine Comedy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" 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